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一、强调句
(一)强调句句型
1、陈述句的强调句型:It is/ was + 被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+ that/ who(当强调主语且主语指人)+ 其它部分。
e.g. It was that he met Li Ping.
2、一般疑问句的强调句型:同上,只是把is/ was提到it前面。
e.g. Was it that he met Li Ping?
3、特殊疑问句的强调句型:被强调部分(通常是疑问代词或疑问副词)+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分?
e.g. When and where was it that you were born?
4、强调句例句:针对I met Li Ming at the .句子进行强调。
强调主语:It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the .
强调宾语:It was Li Ming that I met at the .
强调地点状语:It was at the that I met Li Ming .
强调时间状语:It was that I met Li Ming at the .
5、注意:构成强调句的it本身没有词义;强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who,即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此,that, who不可省略;强调句中的时态只用两种,一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时,用It was … ,其余的时态用It is … 。
(二)not … until … 句型的强调句
1、句型为:It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分
e.g. 普通句:He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
强调句:It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
2、注意:此句型只用until,不用till。但如果不是强调句型,till, until可通用;因为句型中It is/ was not … 已经是否定句了,that后面的从句要用肯定句,切勿再用否定句了。
(三)谓语动词的强调
1、It is/ was … that … 结构不能强调谓语,如果需要强调谓语时,用助动词do/ does或did。
e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。
He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be when you cross the . 过马路时,务必(千万)要小心啊!
2、注意:此种强调只用do/ does和did ,没有别的形式;过去时用did ,后面的谓语动词用原形。
二、It的用法
(一)作人称代词
1、it代替前面(或后面)的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。
e.g. You eat your cake but have it.(it代替前面的cake)
we see it, there is air all us. (it代替后面的air)
They say he has left town, but I don’t it. (it代替前面They…town分句中的情况)
2、代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西(包括婴儿)。
e.g. we saw a big tree. It was fully high. (it代替前面的tree)
The baby cried it was . (it代替前面的baby)
3、在某些习惯说法中,可以代替人。
e.g. —- is at the door, Peter.
—- Who is it?
—- It’s me.
—- Who are ?
—- It is the .
—- The light is still on in the lab. It must be the third-year doing the .
4、it与one的区别:这两个词都可以代表前面说过的名词,但it用于同名同物的场合;one则用于同名异物的场合。
e.g. —- Do you still have the ?
—- No, I have sold it.
—- Is this knife yours?
—- No. It is Xiao Zhang’s. Mine is the one on the desk.
5、it与that的区别:两词都可代替某一特定名词,但that指同一类,并非同一个。
e.g. The of South China is mild(温和的); I like it very much.(it指the of South China)
The of South China is much than that of Japan.(that指the )
(二)作无人称代词
it作无人称代词时,除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外,另一个特点是它后面的内容都是表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。
It is fine (rainy, windy, etc.).
It is noon.
It is a half hour’s walk to the .
It is in area.
What does it ?
(三)作强调词,构成强调结构
用以帮助改变句子结构,使句子的某一成分受到强调。“It is (was) + 所强调的成分 + that (who) + 其它成分。”在这个句型中,it本身没有词义。详见“一、强调句”。
(四)引导词it作形式主语(宾语)
为了使句子平衡,常采用形式主语(或宾语)it ,而把真正的主语(或宾语)置于句子后面。通常引导词it与它所代替的句子成分中间要夹有某些词。
e.g. It takes half an hour to go there on foot.(It与to go there on foot之间夹有takes half an hour四个词)
We it that Mr Smith did not come last night. (it与that从句中间夹有 )
但有时it与所替代部分之间并不夹有其它词。
e.g. You may on it that they will you.(因为介词on之后一般不直接接that引导的宾语从句。注意:it不是多余的,不能当作错句)
三、省略
为了使讲话和行文简洁,句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况:
(一)简单句中的省略
1、省略主语:祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。
e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.(括号内为省略的词语,下同)
(I) see you .
(It) Doesn’t .
2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。
e.g. (There is) No .(Is there) wrong?Why (do you) not say hello to him?
3、省略作宾语的不定式短语,只保留to。
e.g. —- Are you going there?
—- I’d like to (go there).
He did not give me the , he had to (give me the ).
注意:如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态,则须在to之后加上be或have。
e.g. —- Are you an ?
—- No, but I want to be.
—- He hasn’t the task yet.
—- Well, he ought to have.
4、省略表语。
e.g. —- Are you ?
—- Yes, I am ().
5、同时省略几个成分。
e.g. Let’s meet at the same place as (we met) .
—- Have you your work?
—- (I have) Not ( my work) yet.
(二)并列句中的省略
两个并列分句中,后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。
e.g. My is a and my (is) a nurse.
I study at and my () at high .
(三)主从复合句中的省略
1、主句中有一些成分被省略。
e.g. (I’m) Sorry to hear that you are ill.
(It is a) Pity that he such a good .
2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分,用so或not(切不可用it或that)代替。
e.g. —- Is he back ?
—- I think so.
—- Is he today?
—- I’m not.
这种用法常见的有:How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I not. I not. I hope not等。(但I don’t think so比I think not更常用)。
(四)其它省略
1、连词that的省略:
①、宾语从句中常省略连词that,但也有不能省略的情况(参看“名词性从句”等有关部分)。
②、在定语从句中,that在从句中作宾语时可省略。
③、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。
2、不定式符号to的省略
①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。
e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a .
②、某些使役动词(如let, make, have)及感官动词(如see, watch, , hear, feel, look at和 to等)后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to,但在被动语态中须把to复原。
e.g. —- I saw the boy fall from the tree.
—- The boy was seen to fall from the tree.
③、介词but前若有动词do,后面的不定式不带to。
e.g. The boy did but play.
3、在某些状语从句中,从句的主语与主句主语一致时,可省去“主语 + be”部分。(参看“状语从句”有关部分)
4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略,但后面的语序有变化(参见“倒装句”有关部分)
5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。
e.g. The (you do it), the (it will be).
四、插入语
英语句子中(尤其在口语中)常插入一些单词、短语或者句子,用来补充某些含义。语法上称他们为“插入语”。
(一)插入语的类型:
1、单词(多是副词),如:, , , , 等。
e.g. She is fit, . 他看起来倒是健康。
I can, , this when I see you.
2、短语
e.g. China and India, for , are .
By the way, where are you from?
3、句子
e.g. He is an man, I .
Jack, as far as I know, isn’t .
(二)插入语的位置
通常插入语位于句中,并用逗号隔开。但有时,也可位于句首或句末(见上面例句)。也有时,并不用逗号隔开。
e.g. You know that I think you are wrong. 我认为,你明白你错了。
What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思?
(三)插入语在句中的作用
一般来说,插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去,句子的含义不大受影响。但是,有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。
e.g. He got the news from knows where. 他这消息谁也不知道是从哪儿得来的。
(四)插入语的特殊用法
下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句,也可认为包含有“插入语”。这种疑问句(有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句”)常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高。常用动词有say, , guess, , , think, 等。
e.g. How long did you say she would stay here?
When do you they’ll be back?
How old did you think she was
(五)大纲中要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语
by the way 顺便说,顺便问一下;so far 到目前为止;and so on 等等;on the 相反;no 不足为奇;as a of fact 事实上;come along 快点,来吧;in other words 换句话说;as usual 如同以往;as a 因此,结果。
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